Abstract
Raynaud disease is a benign episodic digital vasospasm mainly of upper limbs, resulting in ischaemia other peripheral tissues. The chief complaints are constant excruciating pain, burning type, aching sensation in the affected extremity, can be unilateral
or bilateral, and discolouration of finger tips along with allodynia and hyperalgesia. A multidisciplinary approach is the key behind successful outcome of treatment which includes drugs, exercise, and interventions in form of diagnostic sympathetic blocks followed by radiofrequency sympathectic denervation.
Keywords
References
James P. Rathmel, Atlas of Image Guided Intervention in Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine. Wolters K, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Waldman SD (ed). Atlas of Pain Management Injection Techniques. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 2000.
Ballantyne J. The Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of Pain Management. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
van Kleef M, Mekhail N, van Zundert J. Evidence-based guidelines for interventional pain medicine according to clinical diagnoses. Pain Pract. 2009;9(4):247–51.
Ubbink DT, Vermeulen H. Spinal cord stimulation for nonreconstructable chronic critical leg ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;20(3):CD004001.
Wigley FM. Clinical practice. Raynaud’s phenomenon. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1001–8.
Pope JE. The diagnosis and treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon: a practical approach. Drugs. 2007;67:517–25.
Cooke JP, Marshall JM. Mechanisms of Raynaud’s disease. Vasc Med. 2005;10:293–307.
Fontaine R, Kim M, Kieny R. [Surgical treatment of peripheral circulation disorders]. Helv Chir Acta. 1954;21:499–533.
Cross FW, Cotton LT. Chemical lumbar sympathectomy for ischemic rest pain. A randomized, prospective controlled clinical trial. Am J Surg. 1985;150:341–5.
Fyfe T, Quin RO. Phenol sympathectomy in the treatment of intermittent claudication: a controlled clinical trial. Br J Surg. 1975;62:68–71.
Repealer van Driel O, Van Bockel J, Van Schilfgarde R. Lumbar sympathectomy for severe lower limb ischaemia: results and analysis of factors influencing outcome. J Cardiovasc Surg.1998;29:310–4.
Keane FB. Phenol lumbar sympathectomy for severe arterial occlusive disease in the elderly. Br J Surg. 1977;64:519–21.
Jivegard LE, Augustinsson LE, Holm J, Risberg B, Ortenwall P. Effects of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in patients with inoperable severe lower limb ischaemia: a prospective randomised controlled study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg.1995;9:421–5.
Suy R, Gybels J, Van DH, Martin D, Van MR, Delaporte C. Spinal cord stimulation for ischaemic rest pain. The Belgian randomized study. In: Horschs S, Claeys L, eds. Spinal Cord Stimulation: An Innovative Method in the Treatment of PVD. Darmstadt: Steinhoff; 1994. pp. 197–202.
Klomp HM, Spincemaille GH, Steyerberg EW, Habbema JD, van Urk H. Spinal-cord stimulation in critical limb ischaemia: a randomised trial. ESES Study Group. Lancet. 1999;353:1040–44.
Broseta J, Barbera J, de Vera JA, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in peripheral arterial disease. A cooperative study. J Neurosurg.1986;64:71–80.
van Eijs F, Stanton-Hicks M, Van Zundert J, et al. Evidence-based interventional pain medicine according to clinical diagnoses. 16. Complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Pract. 2011;11:70–87.
Devulder J, Suijlekom HV, Dongen RV, et al. Ischemic pain in the extremities and Raynaud’s phenomenon. Evidence-Based Medicine. 2011;11(5):483–90.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.